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  2. Fluorine compounds - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine_compounds

    Fluorine's chemistry is dominated by its strong tendency to gain an electron. It is the most electronegative element and elemental fluorine is a strong oxidant. The removal of an electron from a fluorine atom requires so much energy that no known reagents are known to oxidize fluorine to any positive oxidation state. [20]

  3. Carbon–fluorine bond - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon–fluorine_bond

    The high electronegativity of fluorine (4.0 for fluorine vs. 2.5 for carbon) gives the carbon–fluorine bond a significant polarity or dipole moment. The electron density is concentrated around the fluorine, leaving the carbon relatively electron poor. This introduces ionic character to the bond through partial charges (C δ+ —F δ−). The ...

  4. Fluorine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine

    Fluorine is a chemical element; it has symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen [note 1] and exists at standard conditions as pale yellow diatomic gas. Fluorine is extremely reactive as it reacts with all other elements except for the light inert gases. It is highly toxic.

  5. Bent's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent's_rule

    Yet, clearly the bond angles between all these molecules deviate from their ideal geometries in different ways. Bent's rule can help elucidate these apparent discrepancies. [5] [20] [21] Electronegative substituents will have more p character. [5] [20] Bond angle has a proportional relationship with s character and an inverse relationship with ...

  6. Ionic bonding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_bonding

    Pauling estimated that an electronegativity difference of 1.7 (on the Pauling scale) corresponds to 50% ionic character, so that a difference greater than 1.7 corresponds to a bond which is predominantly ionic. [10] Ionic character in covalent bonds can be directly measured for atoms having quadrupolar nuclei (2 H, 14 N, 81,79 Br, 35,37 Cl or ...

  7. Electronegativity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativity

    Even so, the electronegativity of an atom is ... electronegative element (0.79); fluorine is ... the different measures of electronegativity really are describing ...

  8. Electron affinity (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)

    Electron affinity can be defined in two equivalent ways. First, as the energy that is released by adding an electron to an isolated gaseous atom. The second (reverse) definition is that electron affinity is the energy required to remove an electron from a singly charged gaseous negative ion.

  9. Fluorine cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine_cycle

    Fluorine is the thirteenth most abundant element on Earth and the 24th most abundant element in the universe. It is the most electronegative element and it is highly reactive. Thus, it is rarely found in its elemental state, although elemental fluorine has been identified in certain geochemical contexts. [3]