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The silent e rule became available to represent long vowels in writing that arose from other sources; Old English brŷd, representing *bruʒd-i-, became Modern English bride. The rules of current English spelling were first set forth by Richard Mulcaster in his 1582 publication Elementarie.
The spelling rule for the alveolo-palatal sounds /ɕ ʑ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ ɲ/ is as follows: before the vowel i the plain letters s z c dz n are used; before other vowels the combinations si zi ci dzi ni are used; when not followed by a vowel the diacritic forms ś ź ć dź ń are used. This is different from Steuer's alphabet, where soft consonants ...
The converse of the "except after c" part is Carney's spelling-to-sound rule E.16: in the sequence cei , the ei is pronounced /iː/. [29] In Carney's test wordlist, all eight words with cei conform to this rule, which he thus describes as being a "marginal" rule with an "efficiency" of 100%. [ 29 ]
In 1417, Henry V began using English, which had no standardised spelling, for official correspondence instead of Latin or French which had standardised spelling, e.g. Latin had one spelling for right (rectus), Old French as used in English law had six and Middle English had 77. This motivated writers to standardise English spelling, an effort ...
This period includes changes in late Proto-Germanic, up to about the 1st century. Only a general overview of the more important changes is given here; for a full list, see the Proto-Germanic article. Unstressed word-final /a/, /e/ and /o/ were lost. Early PGmc *barta > late PGmc *bart "you carried (sg)". Word-final /m/ became /n/.
In an unstressed open syllable, /i/ and /u/ (including final /-u/ from earlier /-oː/) were lost when following a long syllable (i.e. one with a long vowel or diphthong, or followed by two consonants), but not when following a short syllable (i.e. one with a short vowel followed by a single consonant). [21]
Here are the first two letters for each word: ST. SO. MA. GL. FI. SH. PU (SPANGRAM) NYT Strands Spangram Answer Today. Today's spangram answer on Wednesday, January 29, 2025, is PUPPETMASTER.
The following table shows the 24 consonant phonemes found in most dialects of English, plus /x/, whose distribution is more limited. Fortis consonants are always voiceless, aspirated in syllable onset (except in clusters beginning with /s/ or /ʃ/), and sometimes also glottalized to an extent in syllable coda (most likely to occur with /t/, see T-glottalization), while lenis consonants are ...