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The formal study of adolescent psychology began with the publication of G. Stanley Hall's Adolescence in 1904. Hall, who was the first president of the American Psychological Association, defined adolescence to be the period of life from ages 14 to 24, and viewed it primarily as a time of internal turmoil and upheaval (sturm und drang). [90]
According to Alberts, Elkind, and Ginsberg the personal fable "is the corollary to the imaginary audience.Thinking of themselves as the center of attention, the adolescent comes to believe that it is because they are special and unique.” [1] It is found during the formal operational stage in Piagetian theory, along with the imaginary audience.
They tested total of 115 male and female adolescents between the ages of 11 and 18 using an empathy scale, social sensitivity scale, and a measure of social desirability. They stated Imaginary audience is seen most in teens going through puberty where their bodies are changing rapidly and they are concerned with how everyone is viewing their ...
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, as articulated in the second half of the 20th century by Erik Erikson in collaboration with Joan Erikson, [1] is a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages that a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood.
Adolescent egocentrism is a term that child psychologist David Elkind used to describe the phenomenon of adolescents' inability to distinguish between their perception of what others think about them and what people actually think in reality. [1]
There are various reasons why adolescents experience egocentrism: Adolescents are often faced with new social environments (for example, starting secondary school) which require the adolescent to protect, and focus on, the self. [22] Development of an adolescent's identity may involve perceiving high levels of uniqueness.
An example of an identity crisis emerging from this status is an adolescent who becomes reclusive after his identity as a star athlete is destroyed by a serious injury. Identity moratorium is the status that Marcia theorizes lasts the longest in individuals, is the most volatile, and can be best described as "the active exploration of ...
There remains some debate as to whether the causes of teenage rebellion are completely natural or necessary. Some posit that an adolescent's failure to achieve a sense of identity can result in role confusion and an inability to choose a vocation, and/or that these pressures may develop from being viewed as adults. [6]