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The sample is dissolved in water, or a mixture of water and ethanol, and a few drops of neutral ferric chloride (FeCl 3) solution, which is prepared by adding de-ionised water. Add sodium hydroxide to the mixture until a permanent brown precipitate is formed.
Bromine water, Br 2. Bromine water is an oxidizing, intense brown mixture containing diatomic bromine (Br 2) dissolved in water (H 2 O). [1] It is often used as a reactive in chemical assays of recognition for substances which react with bromine in an aqueous environment with the halogenation mechanism, mainly unsaturated carbon compounds (carbon compounds with 1 or more double or triple bond(s)).
The formation of a brominated phenol (i.e. 2,4,6-tribromophenol) or aniline (i.e. 2,4,6-tribromoaniline) in form of a white precipitate indicates that the unknown was a phenol or aniline. The more unsaturated an unknown is, the more bromine it reacts with, and the less coloured the solution will appear. [1]
Alkali metal phenolates, such as sodium phenolate hydrolyze in aqueous solution to form basic solutions. [2] At pH = 10, phenol and phenolate are in approximately 1:1 proportions. The phenoxide anion (aka phenolate) is a strong nucleophile with a comparable to the one of carbanions or tertiary amines. [3]
The reaction mechanism for chlorination of benzene is the same as bromination of benzene. Iron(III) bromide and iron(III) chloride become inactivated if they react with water, including moisture in the air. Therefore, they are generated by adding iron filings to bromine or chlorine. Here is the mechanism of this reaction:
Dow process (bromine), a method of bromine extraction from brine; Dow process (magnesium), a method of magnesium extraction from brine; Dow process (phenol), a method of phenol production through the hydrolysis of chlorobenzene
The reaction is attractive for their atom economy because it avoid pre-functionalized starting materials often required in traditional redox-neutral cross-couplings. Oxidative phenol couplings, however, often suffer from over-oxidation, especially since the intended coupled product is more oxidizable (has a lower oxidation potential ) than the ...
Phenol is an organic compound appreciably soluble in water, with about 84.2 g dissolving in 1000 ml (0.895 M). Homogeneous mixtures of phenol and water at phenol to water mass ratios of ~2.6 and higher are possible. The sodium salt of phenol, sodium phenoxide, is far more water-soluble. It is a combustible solid (NFPA rating = 2).