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A celestial map from the 17th century, by the Dutch cartographer Frederik de Wit. Natural philosophy or philosophy of nature (from Latin philosophia naturalis) is the philosophical study of physics, that is, nature and the physical universe while ignoring any supernatural influence. It was dominant before the development of modern science.
One of the primary elements of the culture of the Enlightenment was the rise of the public sphere, a "realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explosion of print culture," in the late 17th century and 18th century. [173]
Throughout her work on natural philosophy, Margaret Cavendish defends the belief that all nature is composed of free, self-moving, rational matter. [33] Eileen O'Neill provides an overview of Cavendish's natural philosophy and its critical reception in her introduction to Observations upon Experimental Philosophy. [34]
The scientific revolution saw the creation of the first scientific societies, the rise of Copernicanism, and the displacement of Aristotelian natural philosophy and Galen's ancient medical doctrine. By the 18th century, scientific authority began to displace religious authority, and the disciplines of alchemy and astrology lost scientific ...
The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-century Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. 1998. First paperback edition. 2003. Volume 2. Dan Kaufman (ed). The Routledge Companion to Seventeenth Century Philosophy. 2017. Google Books. Stuart Hampshire. The Master Philosophers: The Age of Reason: The 17th Century Philosophers. A Meridian Classic.
The recovery and assimilation of Greek works and Islamic inquiries into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived the learning of natural philosophy in the West. [ 4 ] [ 6 ] Traditions of early science were also developed in ancient India and separately in ancient China , the Chinese model having influenced Vietnam , Korea and Japan ...
[25] [26] The "Aristotelian tradition" was still an important intellectual framework in the 17th century, although by that time natural philosophers had moved away from much of it. [5] Key scientific ideas dating back to classical antiquity had changed drastically over the years and in many cases had been discredited. [5]
Descartes and his supporters were followers of mechanical philosophy, a form of natural philosophy popular in the 17th century which maintained that nature and natural beings act similar to machines. In his book The World , Descartes suggests that the creation of the solar system and the circular motion of the planets around the Sun can be ...