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For a fully oriented molecule, the dipolar coupling for an 1 H-15 N amide group would be over 20 kHz, and a pair of protons separated by 5 Å would have up to ~1 kHz coupling. However the degree of alignment achieved by applying magnetic field is so low that the largest 1 H-15 N or 1 H-13 C dipolar couplings are <5 Hz. [19]
Magnetic dipole–dipole interaction, also called dipolar coupling, refers to the direct interaction between two magnetic dipoles. Roughly speaking, the magnetic field of a dipole goes as the inverse cube of the distance, and the force of its magnetic field on another dipole goes as the first derivative of the magnetic field. It follows that ...
In vector control, an AC induction or synchronous motor is controlled under all operating conditions like a separately excited DC motor. [21] That is, the AC motor behaves like a DC motor in which the field flux linkage and armature flux linkage created by the respective field and armature (or torque component) currents are orthogonally aligned such that, when torque is controlled, the field ...
Energy diagram showing the effects of J-coupling for the molecule hydrogen fluoride. The origin of J-coupling can be visualized by a vector model for a simple molecule such as hydrogen fluoride (HF). In HF, the two nuclei have spin 1 / 2 . Four states are possible, depending on the relative alignment of the H and F nuclear spins with the ...
A functional block diagram, in systems engineering and software engineering, is a block diagram that describes the functions and interrelationships of a system. The functional block diagram can picture: [1] functions of a system pictured by blocks; input and output elements of a block pictured with lines; the relationships between the functions ...
The internal model theory of motor control argues that the motor system is controlled by the constant interactions of the “plant” and the “controller.” The plant is the body part being controlled, while the internal model itself is considered part of the controller.
An electronic control unit (ECU), also known as an electronic control module (ECM), is an embedded system in automotive electronics that controls one or more of the electrical systems or subsystems in a car or other motor vehicle.
Armature control is the most common control technique for DC motors. In order to implement this control, the stator flux must be kept constant. To achieve this, either the stator voltage is kept constant or the stator coils are replaced by a permanent magnet .