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Tubal factor infertility (TFI) is female infertility caused by diseases, obstructions, damage, scarring, congenital malformations or other factors which impede the descent of a fertilized or unfertilized ovum into the uterus through the fallopian tubes and prevents a normal pregnancy and full term birth.
Treatment of fallopian tube obstruction has traditionally been treated with fallopian tubal surgery with a goal of restoring patency to the tubes and thus possibly normal function. A common modern day method of treatment is in vitro fertilization as it is more cost-effective, less invasive, and results are immediate.
The blocked tube may become substantially distended giving the tube a characteristic sausage-like or retort-like shape. The condition is often bilateral and the affected tubes may reach several centimeters in diameter. The blocked tubes cause infertility. A fallopian tube filled with blood is a hematosalpinx, and with pus a pyosalpinx. [1]
Approximately one in fourteen untreated Chlamydia infections will result in salpingitis. [5]Over one million cases of acute salpingitis are reported every year in the US, but the number of incidents is probably larger, due to incomplete and untimely reporting methods and that many cases are reported first when the illness has gone so far that it has developed chronic complications.
The diagnosis is typically based on the presenting signs and symptoms. [2] It is recommended that the disease be considered in all women of childbearing age who have lower abdominal pain. [2] A definitive diagnosis of PID is made by finding pus involving the fallopian tubes during surgery. [2] Ultrasound may also be useful in diagnosis. [2]
Endometriosis can lead to ovarian cysts (endometriomas), adhesions, and damage to the fallopian tubes or ovaries, all of which can interfere with ovulation and fertilization. Treatment for endometriosis often includes hormonal therapies, pain management, and in some cases, surgery to remove the endometrial tissue.
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Gonorrhea can spread into the uterus and fallopian tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID can result in scarring of the tubes, greater risk of pregnancy complications and infertility, and can be fatal, particularly in the immunocompromised. [citation needed] PID requires immediate treatment. Infertility in men.