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The "X Article" is an article, formally titled "The Sources of Soviet Conduct", written by George F. Kennan and published under the pseudonym "X" in the July 1947 issue of Foreign Affairs magazine. It introduced the term "containment" to widespread use and advocated the strategic use of that concept against the Soviet Union.
George Frost Kennan (February 16, 1904 – March 17, 2005) was an American diplomat and historian. He was best known as an advocate of a policy of containment of Soviet expansion during the Cold War.
George Orwell, author of Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four, wrote in 1946 that "the Russian regime will either democratize itself or it will perish". [16] He was regarded by US historian Robert Conquest as one of the first people who made such a prediction. According to a Conquest article published in 1969, "In time, the Communist world is ...
George F. Kennan, ambassador to the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, State Dept. Director of Policy Planning; Robert A. Lovett, Truman's Secretary of Defense; John J. McCloy, a War Department official and later U.S. High Commissioner for Germany. The group comprised two lawyers, two bankers, and two diplomats. Five of the six were from the so ...
George F. Kennan: An American Life is a nonfiction book about U.S. diplomat George F. Kennan by John Lewis Gaddis that won the 2012 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography [3] [4] and the National Book Critics Circle Award for biography. [5]
George F. Kennan (1904–2005) proposed the doctrine of containment in 1946. In 1946–47, the United States and the Soviet Union moved from being wartime allies to Cold War adversaries. The breakdown of Allied cooperation in Germany provided a backdrop of escalating tensions for the Truman Doctrine. [5]
George F. Kennan, an American diplomat and historian who was opposed to Bolshevism and is known best as a developer of the idea of "containment" of communism, praised the book. "Reed's account of the events of that time rises above every other contemporary record for its literary power, its penetration, its command of detail" and would be ...
Russia Leaves the War (1956) [1] is a book by George F. Kennan, which won the 1957 Pulitzer Prize for History, the 1957 National Book Award for Nonfiction, [2] the 1957 George Bancroft Prize, and the 1957 Francis Parkman Prize.