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[125] [d] Zinc is also used to cathodically protect metals that are exposed to sea water. [127] A zinc disc attached to a ship's iron rudder will slowly corrode while the rudder stays intact. [124] Similarly, a zinc plug attached to a propeller or the metal protective guard for the keel of the ship provides temporary protection.
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Zinc is a strong reducing agent with a standard redox potential of −0.76 V. Pure zinc tarnishes rapidly in air, rapidly forming a passive layer. The composition of this layer can be complex, but one constituent is probably basic zinc carbonate, Zn 5 (OH) 6 CO 3. [8] The reaction of zinc with water is slowed by this passive layer.
Zinc is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure. [14] The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150 °C (212 and 302 °F). [9] [10] Above 210 °C (410 °F), the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating. [15] Zinc is a fair conductor of electricity. [9]
An average 70 kg human body is about 0.01% heavy metals (~7 g, equivalent to the weight of two dried peas, with iron at 4 g, zinc at 2.5 g, and lead at 0.12 g comprising the three main constituents), 2% light metals (~1.4 kg, the weight of a bottle of wine) and nearly 98% nonmetals (mostly water).
A metal ion in aqueous solution or aqua ion is a cation, dissolved in water, of chemical formula [M(H 2 O) n] z+.The solvation number, n, determined by a variety of experimental methods is 4 for Li + and Be 2+ and 6 for most elements in periods 3 and 4 of the periodic table.
Copper zinc water filtration is a high-purity brass water filtration process that relies on the redox potential of dissolved oxygen in water in the presence of a zinc anode and copper cathode. It uses dissolved impurities within water as constituent substrate, which are reduced to more physiologically inert compounds.
Zinc smelting has historically been more difficult than the smelting of other metals, e.g. iron, because in contrast, zinc has a low boiling point. At temperatures typically used for smelting metals, zinc is a gas that will escape from a furnace with the flue gas and be lost, unless specific measures are taken to prevent it.