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Epidural administration (from Ancient Greek ἐπί, "upon" + dura mater) [1] is a method of medication administration in which a medicine is injected into the epidural space around the spinal cord. The epidural route is used by physicians and nurse anesthetists to administer local anesthetic agents, analgesics , diagnostic medicines such as ...
Between them is the epidural space. The two layers of the dura mater separate at several places, with the meningeal layer projecting deeper into the brain parenchyma forming fibrous septa that compartmentalize the brain tissue. At these sites, the epidural space is wide enough to house the epidural venous sinuses. [2] [4] [5]
The needle-through-needle technique involves the introduction of a Tuohy needle (epidural needle) into the epidural space. The standard technique of loss of resistance to injection may be employed. A long fine spinal needle (25G) is then introduced via the lumen of the epidural needle and through the dura mater, into the subarachnoid space.
Many local anesthetics fall into two general chemical classes, amino esters (top) and amino amides (bottom). A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes absence of all sensation (including pain) in a specific body part without loss of consciousness, [1] providing local anesthesia, as opposed to a general anesthetic, which eliminates all sensation in the entire body and causes ...
Complications associated with interscalene and supraclavicular blocks include inadvertent subarachnoid or epidural injection of local anesthetic, which can result in respiratory failure. [ 18 ] Because of the close proximity of the lung to the brachial plexus at the level of the clavicle, the complication most often associated with this block ...
Epidural (synonym: peridural) (injection or infusion into the epidural space), e.g. epidural anesthesia. Intracerebral (into the cerebrum) administration by direct injection into the brain. Used in experimental research of chemicals [17] and as a treatment for malignancies of the brain. [18]
[2] [3] The identification of this space, allows subsequent administration of epidural anaesthesia, a technique used primarily for analgesia during childbirth. [ citation needed ] This technique remains in use at present [update] , and is commonly referred to the loss of resistance to saline technique (LORS) or its variation, the loss of ...
Epidural steroid injection (ESI) is a technique in which corticosteroids and a local anesthetic are injected into the epidural space around the spinal cord in an effort to improve spinal stenosis, spinal disc herniation, or both. It is of benefit with a rare rate of major side effects.