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Pericardial effusions can be found in all populations worldwide but the predominant etiology has changed over time, varying depending on the age, location, and comorbidities of the population in question. [2] Out of all the numerous causes of pericardial effusion, some of the leading causes are inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic and traumatic.
Cardiac tamponade, also known as pericardial tamponade (/ ˌ t æ m. p ə ˈ n eɪ d / [4]), is a compression of the heart due to pericardial effusion (the build-up of pericardial fluid in the sac around the heart). [2] Onset may be rapid or gradual. [2]
Purulent Pericarditis; Echocardiogram showing pericardial effusion with signs of cardiac tamponade: Specialty: Cardiology: Symptoms: substernal chest pain (exacerbated supine and with breathing deeply), dyspnea, fever, rigors/chills, and cardiorespiratory signs (i.e., tachycardia, friction rub, pulsus paradoxus, pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, pleural effusion)
In medical fields, especially cytopathology, serous fluid is a synonym for effusion fluids from various body cavities. Examples of effusion fluid are pleural effusion and pericardial effusion. There are many causes of effusions which include involvement of the cavity by cancer. Cancer in a serous cavity is called a serous carcinoma.
The onset of symptoms can occasionally be gradual rather than sudden. [8] The cause of pericarditis often remains unknown but is believed to be most often due to a viral infection. [4] [8] Other causes include bacterial infections such as tuberculosis, uremic pericarditis, heart attack, cancer, autoimmune disorders, and chest trauma.
Mesothelioma that affects the pleura can cause these signs and symptoms: [15] Chest wall pain; Pleural effusion, or fluid surrounding the lung; Shortness of breath – which could be due to a collapsed lung or the pleural effusion; Fatigue or anemia; Wheezing, hoarseness, or a cough; Blood in the sputum (fluid) coughed up
Pericardiocentesis is a procedure whereby the fluid in a pericardial effusion is removed through a needle. It is performed under the following conditions: [15] presence of moderate or severe cardiac tamponade; diagnostic purpose for suspected purulent, tuberculosis, or neoplastic pericarditis; persistent symptomatic pericardial effusion
Pericardial window may be used to treat pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade. [2] [3] It is the most common procedure to treat pericardial effusion, particularly if caused by cancer. [4] Untreated, these can lead to death.