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In Python, the library's copy module provides shallow copy and deep copy of objects through the copy() and deepcopy() functions, respectively. [13] Programmers may define special methods __copy__() and __deepcopy__() in an object to provide custom copying implementation. In Ruby, all objects inherit two methods for performing shallow copies ...
Dynamic binding (or late binding or virtual binding) is name binding performed as the program is running. [2] An example of a static binding is a direct C function call: the function referenced by the identifier cannot change at runtime. An example of dynamic binding is dynamic dispatch, as in a C++ virtual method call.
For example, if one has a List reference in Java, one cannot invoke clone() on that reference because List specifies no public clone() method. Actual implementations of List like ArrayList and LinkedList all generally have clone() methods themselves, but it is inconvenient and bad abstraction to carry around the actual class type of an object.
In software engineering, coupling is the degree of interdependence between software modules, a measure of how closely connected two routines or modules are, [1] and the strength of the relationships between modules. [2] Coupling is not binary but multi-dimensional. [3] Coupling and cohesion. Coupling is usually contrasted with cohesion.
In software engineering, the module pattern is a design pattern used to implement the concept of software modules, defined by modular programming, in a programming language with incomplete direct support for the concept.
The term assembly (as in .NET languages like C#, F# or Visual Basic .NET) or package (as in Dart, Go or Java) is sometimes used instead of module.In other implementations, these are distinct concepts; in Python a package is a collection of modules, while in Java 9 the introduction of the new module concept (a collection of packages with enhanced access control) was implemented.
The Java Module System was initially being developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 277 and was scheduled to be released with Java 7. JSR 277 later was put on hold and Project Jigsaw [2] was created to modularize the JDK. This JSR was superseded by JSR 376 (Java Platform Module System).
The Java Class Library (JCL) is a set of dynamically loadable libraries that Java Virtual Machine (JVM) languages can call at run time. Because the Java Platform is not dependent on a specific operating system , applications cannot rely on any of the platform-native libraries.