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  2. Supercooling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercooling

    Supercooling is the cooling of a liquid below its freezing point without it becoming solid. Freezing point depression is when a solution can be cooled below the freezing point of the corresponding pure liquid due to the presence of the solute; an example of this is the freezing point depression that occurs when salt is added to pure water.

  3. Phase-change material - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material

    Low thermal conductivity in their solid state. High heat transfer rates are required during the freezing cycle. Nano composites were found to yield an effective thermal conductivity increase up to 216%. [7] [8] Volumetric latent heat storage capacity can be low; Flammable. This can be partially alleviated by specialized containment.

  4. Water splitting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_splitting

    More than 352 thermochemical cycles have been described for water splitting by thermolysis. [21] These cycles promise to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity. [22] Since all the input energy for such processes is heat, they can be more efficient than high-temperature electrolysis.

  5. Thermal energy storage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy_storage

    [38] [39] For example, air conditioning can be provided more economically by using low-cost electricity at night to freeze water into ice, then using the cooling capacity of ice in the afternoon to reduce the electricity needed to handle air conditioning demands. Thermal energy storage using ice makes use of the large heat of fusion of water ...

  6. Flash freezing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_freezing

    During the final stage of freezing, an ice drop develops a pointy tip, which is not observed for most other liquids, and arises because water expands as it freezes. [8] Once the liquid is completely frozen, the sharp tip of the drop attracts water vapor in the air, much like a sharp metal lightning rod attracts electrical charges . [ 8 ]

  7. Stefan problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_problem

    The classical Stefan problem aims to describe the evolution of the boundary between two phases of a material undergoing a phase change, for example the melting of a solid, such as ice to water. This is accomplished by solving heat equations in both regions, subject to given boundary and initial conditions. At the interface between the phases ...

  8. Reversible process (thermodynamics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_process...

    Melting or freezing of ice in water is an example of a realistic process that is nearly reversible. Additionally, the system must be in (quasistatic) equilibrium with the surroundings at all time, and there must be no dissipative effects, such as friction, for a process to be considered reversible.

  9. Frazil ice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazil_ice

    These methods either heat the structures in the water to prevent frazil ice adhesion or heat the water to prevent frazil ice from forming in the first place. When heating the structure, it must be heated to a temperature above freezing. Electrical resistance heaters have been found to work well, but these have potential safety problems.