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Combined hormonal contraception (CHC), or combined birth control, is a form of hormonal contraception which combines both an estrogen and a progestogen in varying formulations. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The different types available include the pill , the patch and the vaginal ring , which are all widely available, [ 3 ] and an injection , which is available ...
The combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP), often referred to as the birth control pill or colloquially as "the pill", is a type of birth control that is designed to be taken orally by women. It is the oral form of combined hormonal contraception .
There are two main classes of hormonal contraceptives: combined contraceptives contain both an estrogen and a progestin, [30] and progestogen-only contraceptives that contain only progesterone or a synthetic analogue (progestin). There is also a non-hormonal contraceptive called ormeloxifene which acts on the hormonal system to prevent pregnancy.
Hormonal contraception works primarily by preventing ovulation, but it may also thicken the cervical mucus inhibiting sperm penetration. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Hormonal contraceptives also have effects on the endometrium, [ 6 ] [ 7 ] that theoretically could affect implantation.
Other combined hormonal contraceptives (those containing both an estrogen and a progestin) may also be used in an extended or continuous cycle. For example, the NuvaRing vaginal ring [4] and the contraceptive patch [5] have been studied for extended cycle use, and the monthly combined injectable contraceptive may similarly eliminate bleeding. [6]
Side effects from hormonal contraceptives typically disappear over time (3-5 months) with consistent use. [16] Less common effects of combined hormonal contraceptives include increasing the risk of deep vein thrombosis to 2-10 per 10,000 women per year and venous thrombotic events (see venous thrombosis) to 7-10 per 10,000 women per year. [15]
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