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A monolithic dome (from Greek mono- and -lithic, meaning "one stone") is a thin-shell structure cast in a one-piece form. The form may be permanent or temporary and may or may not remain part of the finished structure. Monolithic domes are a form of monolithic architecture.
Monolithic architecture describes buildings which are carved, cast or excavated from a single piece of material, historically from rock. The most basic form of monolithic architecture is a rock-cut building , such as the monolithic churches of Ethiopia built by the Zagwe dynasty , or the Pancha Rathas in India .
Shells may be cast in place, or pre-cast off site and moved into place and assembled. The strongest form of shell is the monolithic shell, which is cast as a single unit. The most common monolithic form is the dome, but ellipsoids and cylinders (resembling concrete Quonset huts / Nissen huts) are also possible using similar construction methods.
The building is a concrete, monolithic dome. At 72 feet (22 m) tall, and 280 feet (85 m) in diameter it is the largest diameter monolithic dome designed by the Monolithic Dome Institute. [3] Its large size makes possible a floor area of 74,500 square feet (6,920 m 2) in two levels. [4]
The Florence Cathedral's dome has octagonal supporting walls, like the Dome of Soltaniyeh. The Dome of Soltaniyeh is the third largest brick dome in the world (after Florence Cathedral and Hagia Sophia). Hagia Sophia is older than the Dome of Soltaniyeh, but the Hagia Sophia is a single shell brick dome. [55] 1659 – 1937 44 140 Gol Gumbaz
The largest dome out of clay hollowware ever constructed is the caldarium of the Baths of Caracalla in Rome. The now ruined dome, completed in 216 AD, had an inner diameter of 35.08 m. [ 60 ] For reduction of weight its shell was constructed of amphora joined together, a quite new method then which could do without time-consuming wooden centring .
Domes were also built as part of Muslim palaces, throne halls, pavilions, and baths, and blended elements of both Byzantine and Persian architecture, using both pendentives and squinches. The origin of the crossed-arch dome type is debated, but the earliest known example is from the tenth century at the Great Mosque of Córdoba.
Concrete shell structures, often cast as a monolithic dome or stressed ribbon bridge or saddle roof; Lattice shell structures, also called gridshell structures, often in the form of a geodesic dome or a hyperboloid structure; Membrane structures, which include fabric structures and other tensile structures, cable domes, and pneumatic structures.