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The introduction of paper chromatography was an important analytical technique which gave rise to thin-layer chromatography. [13] Finally, gas-liquid chromatography, a fundamental technique in modern analytical chemistry, was described by Martin with coauthors A. T. James and G. Howard Smith in 1952. [14]
Chromatography is based on the concept of partition coefficient. Any solute partitions between two immiscible solvents. When one make one solvent immobile (by adsorption on a solid support matrix) and another mobile it results in most common applications of chromatography.
Adsorption removes a soluble impurity from a feed stream by trapping it on the surface of a solid material, such as activated carbon, that forms strong non-covalent chemical bonds with the impurity. Chromatography employs continuous adsorption and desorption on a packed bed of a solid to purify multiple components of a single feed stream. In a ...
Partition chromatography uses a retained solvent, on the surface or within the grains or fibers of an "inert" solid supporting matrix as with paper chromatography; or takes advantage of some coulombic and/or hydrogen donor interaction with the stationary phase. Analyte molecules partition between a liquid stationary phase and the eluent.
The invention of gas chromatography is generally attributed to Anthony T. James and Archer J.P. Martin. [6] [7] Their gas chromatograph used partition chromatography as the separating principle, rather than adsorption chromatography. The popularity of gas chromatography quickly rose after the development of the flame ionization detector. [8]
Adsorption is the adhesion [1] of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to a surface. [2] This process creates a film of the adsorbate on the surface of the adsorbent. This process differs from absorption, in which a fluid (the absorbate) is dissolved by or permeates a liquid or solid (the absorbent). [3]
Liquid chromatography is a method of physical separation in which the components of a liquid mixture are distributed between two immiscible phases, i.e., stationary and mobile. The practice of LC can be divided into five categories, i.e., adsorption chromatography , partition chromatography , ion-exchange chromatography , size-exclusion ...
Chromatography separates dissolved substances by different interaction with (i.e., travel through) a material. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) Droplet countercurrent chromatography (DCC) Paper chromatography; Ion chromatography; Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC)