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The observer pattern can cause memory leaks, ... Below is an example written in Java that takes keyboard input and handles each input line as an event.
The "sawtooth" pattern of memory utilization: the sudden drop in used memory is a candidate symptom for a memory leak. If the memory leak is in the kernel, the operating system itself will likely fail. Computers without sophisticated memory management, such as embedded systems, may also completely fail from a persistent memory leak.
Unreachable memory in systems that use manual memory management results in a memory leak. Some garbage collectors implement weak references . If an object is reachable only through either weak references or chains of references that include a weak reference, then the object is said to be weakly reachable .
In computer programming, the lapsed listener problem is a common source of memory leaks for object-oriented programming languages, among the most common ones for garbage collected languages. [1] It originates in the observer pattern, where observers (or listeners) register with a subject (or publisher) to receive events.
For example, the Rust programming language implements a borrow checker to ensure memory safety, [12] while C and C++ provide no memory safety guarantees. The substantial amount of software written in C and C++ has motivated the development of external static analysis tools like Coverity, which offers static memory analysis for C. [13]
For example, if the pointer is used to make a virtual function call, a different address (possibly pointing at exploit code) may be called due to the vtable pointer being overwritten. Alternatively, if the pointer is used for writing to memory, some other data structure may be corrupted.
Hence, in Java, Lisp, or Visual Basic, for example, automatic memory management reduces occurrence of any memory leaks. These languages can however still have leaks; unnecessary references to objects will prevent the memory from being re-allocated. IBM has a product called Rational Application Developer to uncover these sorts of errors.
Java 21 added a Java API to allocate and release Arenas. [27] The stated purpose of these is to improve safe integration with native libraries so as to prevent JVM memory leaks and to reduce the risk of JVM memory corruption by native code. [28]