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Huberto M. Sierra noted in his 1956 patent "Floating Decimal Point Arithmetic Control Means for Calculator": [1] Thus under some conditions, the major portion of the significant data digits may lie beyond the capacity of the registers.
Round-to-nearest: () is set to the nearest floating-point number to . When there is a tie, the floating-point number whose last stored digit is even (also, the last digit, in binary form, is equal to 0) is used.
Subtracting nearby numbers in floating-point arithmetic does not always cause catastrophic cancellation, or even any error—by the Sterbenz lemma, if the numbers are close enough the floating-point difference is exact. But cancellation may amplify errors in the inputs that arose from rounding in other floating-point arithmetic.
dc: "Desktop Calculator" arbitrary-precision RPN calculator that comes standard on most Unix-like systems. KCalc, Linux based scientific calculator; Maxima: a computer algebra system which bignum integers are directly inherited from its implementation language Common Lisp. In addition, it supports arbitrary-precision floating-point numbers ...
A floating-point system can be used to represent, with a fixed number of digits, numbers of very different orders of magnitude — such as the number of meters between galaxies or between protons in an atom. For this reason, floating-point arithmetic is often used to allow very small and very large real numbers that require fast processing times.
In floating-point arithmetic, the Sterbenz lemma or Sterbenz's lemma [1] is a theorem giving conditions under which floating-point differences are computed exactly. It is named after Pat H. Sterbenz, who published a variant of it in 1974.
Thus the 're-subtracting' of 1 leaves a mantissa ending in '100000000000000' instead of '010111000110010', representing a value of '1.1111111111117289E-4' rounded by Excel to 15 significant digits: '1.11111111111173E-4'. Of course mathematical 1 + x − 1 = x, 'floating point math' is sometimes a little different, that is not to be blamed on ...
As an example, consider the subtraction . Here, the product notation indicates a binary floating point representation with the exponent of the representation given as a power of two and with the significand given with three bits after the binary point. To compute the subtraction it is necessary to change the forms of these numbers so that they ...