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Medications to treat the toxic effects include: intravenous fluids, calcium gluconate, glucagon, high dose insulin, vasopressors and lipid emulsion. [1] [2] Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may also be an option. [1] More than ten thousand cases of calcium channel blocker toxicity were reported in the United States in 2010. [2]
Calcium gluconate is produced commercially through three main methods. These three methods are: chemical oxidation of glucose with a hypochlorite solution, electrolytic oxidation of a glucose solution containing a known value of bromide, and a fermentation process where specific microorganisms are grown in a medium containing glucose and various other ingredients.
Adenosine receptor agonist poisoning Antimuscarinic drugs (e.g. Atropine) Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, nerve agents, some poison mushrooms: Beta blocker: Theophylline: Calcium chloride [7] Calcium channel blocker toxicity, [7] black widow spider bites Calcium gluconate [7] Calcium channel blocker toxicity, [7] hydrofluoric acid burns
Dialysis can, however, increase the excretion of calcium by developing hypocalcemia, thus possibly worsening the symptoms and signs of hypermagnesemia. The use of diuretics must be associated with infusions of saline solutions to avoid further electrolyte disturbances (e.g., hypokalemia ) and metabolic alkalosis .
Intravenous calcium gluconate (or calcium chloride if a central line is available) and atropine are first-line therapies. If the time of the overdose is known and presentation is within two hours of ingestion, activated charcoal, gastric lavage, and polyethylene glycol may be used to decontaminate the gut. Efforts for gut decontamination may be ...
Calcium gluconate cream is then usually applied. [1] If pain continues calcium gluconate can be injected into the affected area or given by injection into a vein or artery. [2] Surgical removal of the affected tissue may be required. [2] The calcium gluconate is a source of Ca 2+ that sequesters the fluoride ions. Other special rinsing ...
“This antidote will limit damage from gas poisoning caused by sudden fires and can be tested for the treatment of various symptoms caused by gas poisoning,” study co-author Hiroaki Kitagishi ...
[19] [20] One of the damaging results of excess calcium in the cytosol is initiating apoptosis through cleaved caspase processing. [20] Another damaging result of excess calcium in the cytosol is the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, a pore in the membranes of mitochondria that opens when the organelles absorb too much ...