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Retinoic acid (simplified nomenclature for all-trans-retinoic acid) is a metabolite of vitamin A 1 (all-trans-retinol) that is required for embryonic development, male fertility, regulation of bone growth and immune function. [2] All-trans-retinoic acid is required for chordate animal development, which includes all higher animals from fish to ...
Tretinoin, also known as all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), is a medication used for the treatment of acne and acute promyelocytic leukemia. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] For acne, it is applied to the skin as a cream, gel or ointment. [ 10 ]
Retinoic acid via the retinoic acid receptor influences the process of cell differentiation and, hence, the growth and development of embryos. During development, there is a concentration gradient of retinoic acid along the anterior-posterior (head-tail) axis. Cells in the embryo respond to retinoic acid differently depending on the amount present.
The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) is a type of nuclear receptor which can also act as a ligand-activated transcription factor [1] that is activated by both all-trans retinoic acid and 9-cis retinoic acid, retinoid active derivatives of Vitamin A. [2] They are typically found within the nucleus. [3]
Retinoic acid is actively transported into the cell nucleus by CRABp2 where it regulates thousands of genes by binding directly to gene targets via retinoic acid receptors. [6] In addition to retinol, retinal and retinoic acid, there are plant-, fungi- or bacteria-sourced carotenoids which can be metabolized to retinol, and are thus vitamin A ...
Retinoic acid syndrome (RAS) is a potentially life-threatening complication observed in people with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) and first thought to be specifically associated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) (also known as tretinoin) treatment. [1]
First generation retinoids are produced naturally in the body and interact with their normal biological counterparts, such as retinol binding protein 4 for retinol, retinoid receptors for all-trans-retinoic acid or 9-cis-retinoic acid. [9] 13-cis retinoic acid has an unknown biological pathway but appears to act as a growth factor. [10]
CRABPs, cellular retinoic acid–binding proteins capable of binding retinol and retinoic acid with high affinity. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] It has also been characterized that CRABPs are involved in many aspects of the retinoic acid signaling pathway such as the regulation and availability of retinoic acid to nuclear receptors.