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Metallurgy in China has a long history, with the earliest metal objects in China dating back to around 3,000 BCE. The majority of early metal items found in China come from the North-Western Region (mainly Gansu and Qinghai, 青海). China was the earliest civilization to use the blast furnace and produce cast iron. [1]
One of the fragments was made of bloomery iron rather than meteoritic iron. [37] [38] The earliest iron artifacts made from bloomeries in China date to end of the 9th century BC. [39] Cast iron was used in ancient China for warfare, agriculture and architecture. [9] Around 500 BC, metalworkers in the southern state of Wu achieved a temperature ...
In China, early tin was extracted along the Yellow River in Erlitou and Shang times between 2500 and 1800 BC. By Han and later times, China imported its tin from what is today Yunnan province. This has remained China's main source of tin throughout history and into modern times. [49]
[a] [b] It is possible aluminium-containing alloys were produced in China during the reign of the first Jin dynasty (266–420). [c] After the Crusades, alum was a commodity of international commerce; [9] it was indispensable in the European fabric industry. [10] Small alum mines were worked in Catholic Europe but most alum came from the Middle ...
After various status changes in China history, silver played a more important role in the market and became a dominant currency in China in the 1540s. [10] The silver flow into China passed through two cycles: the Potosí /Japan Cycle, which lasted from the 1540s to the 1640s, and the Mexican Cycle, which began in the first half of the 1700s. [11]
Consequently, at the temperatures needed to reduce zinc oxide to the metal, the metal is already gaseous. [23] [24] Arsenic sublimes at 615 °C (1137 °F), passing directly from the solid state to the gaseous state. [21] Antimony melts at 631 °C (1167 °F) [21] Platinum melts at 1768 °C (3215 °F), even higher than iron. [21]
Coins were first made of scraps of metal by hitting a hammer positioned over an anvil. The Chinese produced primarily cast coinage, and this spread to South-East Asia and Japan. Although few non-Chinese cast coins were produced by governments, it was a common practice amongst counterfeiters. Electrum coin from Ephesus, 650-625 BC.
Steel is an alloy composed of between 0.2 and 2.0 percent carbon, with the balance being iron. From prehistory through the creation of the blast furnace, iron was produced from iron ore as wrought iron, 99.82–100 percent Fe, and the process of making steel involved adding carbon to iron, usually in a serendipitous manner, in the forge, or via the cementation process.