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Karel Lambert, who coined the term "free logic", has suggested that free logic can be understood as a generalization of classical predicate logic just as predicate logic is a generalization of Aristotelian logic. On this view, classical predicate logic introduces predicates with an empty extension while free logic introduces singular terms of ...
A priori and a posteriori; A series and B series; Abductive reasoning; Ability; Absolute; Absolute time and space; Abstract and concrete; Adiaphora; Aesthetic emotions
Logic is the formal science of using reason and is considered a branch of both philosophy and mathematics and to a lesser extent computer science. Logic investigates and classifies the structure of statements and arguments, both through the study of formal systems of inference and the study of arguments in natural language .
In Deviant Logic (1974) Susan Haack divided non-classical logics into deviant, quasi-deviant, and extended logics. [4] The proposed classification is non-exclusive; a logic may be both a deviation and an extension of classical logic. [5] A few other authors have adopted the main distinction between deviation and extension in non-classical logics.
Philosophy of logic is the area of philosophy that studies the nature of logic. [1] [2] Like many other disciplines, logic involves various philosophical presuppositions which are addressed by the philosophy of logic. [3]
Formal logic has shown itself extremely useful in formalizing argumentation, philosophical reasoning, and mathematics. The discrepancy between material implication and the general conception of conditionals however is a topic of intense investigation: whether it is an inadequacy in formal logic, an ambiguity of ordinary language , or as ...
Logic was Leibniz's earliest philosophic interest, going back to his teens. René Descartes had suggested that the lexicon of a universal language should consist of primitive elements. [ 4 ] The systematic combination of these elements, according to syntactical rules, would generate the infinite combinations of computational structures required ...
Logical truth is one of the most fundamental concepts in logic. Broadly speaking, a logical truth is a statement which is true regardless of the truth or falsity of its constituent propositions . In other words, a logical truth is a statement which is not only true, but one which is true under all interpretations of its logical components ...