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MPFD is caused by deposition fibrous tissue around the chorionic villi of the placenta. [1] [3] The placenta often shows lesions upon histology and autopsy. [8] The villi become trapped, causing avascular necrosis. [1] This causes reduced substance exchange, and movement of the placenta. [1]
Inflammatory cells of maternal origin could access the foetal villous stoma in multiple ways: The villous trophoblast barrier could be damaged. In the third trimester, syncytial knots (nucleated clusters formed in the syncytiotrophoblast) break off [4] and are shed from the foetal placental villi. The shedding can strip the villous stroma.
A placental disease is any disease, disorder, or pathology of the placenta. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Ischemic placental disease leads to the attachment of the placenta to the uterine wall to become under-perfused, causing uteroplacental ischemia.
It is diagnosed by a microscopic examination of the placenta. Commonly used criteria from Altshuler [2] [3] are: "a minimum of 10 villi, each with 10 or more vascular channels, in 10 or more areas of 3 or more random, non-infarcted placental areas when using a ×10 ocular." The Altshuler criteria are not theoretically rigorous, as they do not ...
As the placenta forms and the cytotrophoblast layer grows and extends, distal villous CYT differentiate to cell column CYT which eventually detach and invade deeply to the maternal decidua as interstitial EVTs. [6] These EVTs anchor placental villi to the maternal decidua.
VUE is a common lesion characterised by inflammation in the placental chorionic villi. VUE is also characterised by the transfer of maternal lymphocytes across the placenta. [4] VUE is diagnosed in 7–10% placentas in pregnancies. Roughly 80% of the VUE cases are in term placentas (greater than 37 weeks of pregnancy).
Histopathology of placenta with increased syncytial knotting of chorionic villi, with two knots pointed out. The following characteristics of placentas have been said to be associated with placental insufficiency, however all of them occur in normal healthy placentas and full term healthy births, so none of them can be used to accurately diagnose placental insufficiency: [citation needed]
Gynecology, pathology Placental villous immaturity is chorionic villous development that is inappropriate for the gestational age . It is associated with diabetes mellitus [ 1 ] and fetal death near term, i.e. intrauterine demise close to the normal gestational period .