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Traditional geodetic instruments such as theodolites rely on the gravity field for orienting their vertical axis along the local plumb line or local vertical direction with the aid of a spirit level. After that, vertical angles ( zenith angles or, alternatively, elevation angles) are obtained with respect to this local vertical, and horizontal ...
Geodesy - the science of measuring and representing the geometry, gravity, and spatial orientation of the Earth in temporally varying 3D. List of geodesists; History of geodesy; Physical geodesy; International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics; International Association of Geodesy
Instruments used in surveying include: Alidade; Alidade table; Cosmolabe; Dioptra; Dumpy level; Engineer's chain; Geodimeter; Graphometer; Groma (surveying) Laser scanning; Level; Level staff; Measuring tape; Plane table; Pole (surveying) Prism (surveying) (corner cube retroreflector) Prismatic compass (angle measurement) Ramsden surveying ...
Geophysical surveys may use a great variety of sensing instruments, and data may be collected from above or below the Earth's surface or from aerial, orbital, or marine platforms. Geophysical surveys have many applications in geology, archaeology, mineral and energy exploration, oceanography, and engineering. Geophysical surveys are used in ...
Surveying instruments ... Pages in category "Geodesy" The following 166 pages are in this category, out of 166 total. ... Physical geodesy; Planetary coordinate system;
This technique is called a resection solution or free station position surveying and is widely used in mapping surveying. Such instruments are "intelligent" theodolites called self-registering tacheometers or colloquially "total stations", and perform all the necessary angular and distance calculations, and the results or raw data can be ...
Such instruments are capable of an accuracy of about 2 ppb or 0.002 mGal [1] and reference their measurement to atomic standards of length and time. Their primary use is for calibrating relative instruments, monitoring crustal deformation, and in geophysical studies requiring high accuracy and stability. However, absolute instruments are ...
Geodesy is an earth science and many consider the study of Earth's shape and gravity to be central to that science. It is also a discipline of applied mathematics . Geodynamical phenomena, including crustal motion, tides , and polar motion , can be studied by designing global and national control networks , applying space geodesy and ...