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They work by inhibiting the synthesis, release, or reuptake of the neurotransmitters or by antagonising the receptors on postsynaptic neurones. Their medical uses, mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and contraindications depend on the specific types of adrenergic blockers used, including alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, and beta 2.
Alpha-adrenergic agonists are a class of sympathomimetic agents that selectively stimulates alpha adrenergic receptors. The alpha-adrenergic receptor has two subclasses α 1 and α 2. Alpha 2 receptors are associated with sympatholytic properties. Alpha-adrenergic agonists have the opposite function of alpha blockers.
Over the last 40 years, a variety of drugs have been developed from non-selective alpha-1 receptor antagonists to selective alpha-1 antagonists and alpha-1 receptor inverse agonists. [2] [3] The first drug that was used was a non-selective alpha blocker, named phenoxybenzamine and was used to treat BPH. [2]
Side effects associated with phentolamine include headache, flushing, and nasal congestion. [23] Benign prostate hyperplasia, a disease in which urinary retention becomes an issue. Alpha-1 blockers can be used, but it can result in side effects such as increased urination and retrograde ejaculation.
An adrenergic agonist is a drug that stimulates a response from the adrenergic receptors. The five main categories of adrenergic receptors are: α 1, α 2, β 1, β 2, and β 3, although there are more subtypes, and agonists vary in specificity between these receptors, and may be classified respectively. However, there are also other mechanisms ...
However, the serotonin receptor antagonism has side effects such as weight gain and impaired movement. [11] Hence, alpha-2 blockers are not used clinically due to its extensive binding. Similar to the alpha-1 blocker, the alpha-2 family will also present the first-dose effect, but it is generally less pronounced compared with the alpha-1 ...
GLP-1 medications are drugs that mimic the effects of the GLP-1 hormone, helping regulate blood sugar and reduce appetite. They are primarily used for managing type 2 diabetes but are also ...
[9] [6] Other side effects may include feeling lightheaded with standing due to changes in blood pressure, and angioedema. [9] Tamsulosin is an alpha blocker and works by relaxing muscles in the prostate. [10] Specifically it is an α 1-adrenergic receptor blocker. [6] Tamsulosin was approved for medical use in the United States in 1997. [6]