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Antifluoridationist literature links fluoride exposure to a wide variety of effects, including AIDS, allergy, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, cancer, and low IQ, along with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, kidney, pineal gland, and thyroid, though there is no scientific evidence linking fluoridation to these adverse health effects. [70] [71]
Referring to a common salt of fluoride, sodium fluoride (NaF), the lethal dose for most adult humans is estimated at 5 to 10 g (which is equivalent to 32 to 64 mg elemental fluoride/kg body weight). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Ingestion of fluoride can produce gastrointestinal discomfort at doses at least 15 to 20 times lower (0.2–0.3 mg/kg or 10 to 15 ...
The pineal gland is present in almost all vertebrates, but is absent in protochordates in which there is a simple pineal homologue. The hagfish , archaic vertebrates, lack a pineal gland. [ 7 ] In some species of amphibians and reptiles, the gland is linked to a light-sensing organ, variously called the parietal eye , the pineal eye or the ...
U.S. standards recommend fluoride levels of 0.7 milligrams per liter of water, and the NTP’s conclusion applied to water fluorinated at 1.5 milligrams per liter and above.
Also, although fluoride affects the physiology of dental bacteria, [90] its effect on bacterial growth does not seem to be relevant to cavity prevention. [91] Fluoride's effects depend on the total daily intake of fluoride from all sources. [51] About 70–90% of ingested fluoride is absorbed into the blood, where it distributes throughout the ...
Since 2010, more than 150 towns or counties throughout the country have voted to keep fluoride out of public water systems or to stop adding it, according to the Fluoride Action Network, an anti ...
Studies of more than 5,700 children conducted before fluoride-fortified toothpaste became widely available in the mid-1970s found that adding fluoride to water systems reduced the number of ...
Groundwater pollution (also called groundwater contamination) occurs when pollutants are released to the ground and make their way into groundwater.This type of water pollution can also occur naturally due to the presence of a minor and unwanted constituent, contaminant, or impurity in the groundwater, in which case it is more likely referred to as contamination rather than pollution.