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The French Revolution (French: Révolution française [ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz]) was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.
Prior to the revolution, France was a de jure absolute monarchy, a system that became known as the Ancien Régime. In practice, the power of the monarchy was typically checked by the nobility, the Roman Catholic Church, institutions such as the judicial parlements, national and local customs and, above all, the threat of insurrection.
These tribunals numbered around 90 in the 16th century and far more at the end of the 18th century, were supervised by a lieutenant général and were subdivided into: prévôté s supervised by a prévôt; or (as was the case in Normandy) into vicomtés supervised by a vicomte, a position that could also be held by non-nobles;
When the French Revolution started at the end of the 18th century the European continent had five great powers, these being Great Britain, France, Austria, Russia, and Prussia. Weak European states included Sweden, Spain, Poland, Holland, and Turkey. Western Germany was divided into hundreds of tiny principalities, cities, and minor states ...
The Age of Revolution is a period from the late-18th to the mid-19th centuries during which a number of significant revolutionary movements occurred in most of Europe and the Americas. [2] The period is noted for the change from absolutist monarchies to representative governments with a written constitution , and the creation of nation states .
The Attack on Feudalism in Eighteenth-century France (Routledge, 2013) Markoff, John. Abolition of Feudalism: Peasants, Lords, and Legislators in the French Revolution (Penn State Press, 2010) Scott, H. M. (2005). The Birth of a Great Power System 1740–1815. Stewart, John Hall, ed. A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution (1951) pp. 106–12
Soldiers of the French Revolution (1989) Forrest, Alan. Conscripts and Deserters: The Army and French Society during Revolution and the Empire (1989) excerpt and text search; Griffith, Paddy. The Art of War of Revolutionary France, 1789–1802 (1998) excerpt and text search; Hazen, Charles Downer – The French Revolution (2 vol 1932) 948 pages.
The lack of reaction from the streets proved that the Revolution was, indeed, over. "A shabby compound of brute force and imposture, the 18th Brumaire was nevertheless condoned, nay applauded, by the French nation. Weary of revolution, men sought no more than to be wisely and firmly governed."