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[12] [13] Among the roles relevant to beliefs is their relation to perceptions and to actions: perceptions usually cause beliefs and beliefs cause actions. [4] For example, seeing that a traffic light has switched to red is usually associated with a belief that the light is red, which in turn causes the driver to bring the car to a halt.
The need to justify our actions and decisions, especially the ones inconsistent with our beliefs, comes from the unpleasant feeling called cognitive dissonance. [1] Cognitive dissonance is a state of tension that occurs whenever a person holds two inconsistent cognitions. For example, "Smoking will shorten my life, and I wish to live for as ...
Belief bias, an effect where someone's evaluation of the logical strength of an argument is biased by the believability of the conclusion. [88] Illusory truth effect, the tendency to believe that a statement is true if it is easier to process, or if it has been stated multiple times, regardless of its actual veracity.
To reduce cognitive dissonance, the participant smokers adjusted their beliefs to correspond with their actions: Functional beliefs ("Smoking calms me down when I am stressed or upset."; "Smoking helps me concentrate better."; "Smoking is an important part of my life."; and "Smoking makes it easier for me to socialize.")
It encourages students to define their own values and to understand others' values." [28] Cognitive moral education builds on the belief that students should learn to value things like democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops. [28] Values relate to the norms of a culture, but they are more global and intellectual than norms.
However, in combination with other effects, this strategy can confirm existing beliefs or assumptions, independently of whether they are true. [8] In real-world situations, evidence is often complex and mixed. For example, various contradictory ideas about someone could each be supported by concentrating on one aspect of his or her behavior. [11]
Cognitive dissonance – Stress from contradiction between beliefs and actions; Just-world fallacy – Hypothesis that a person's actions will have morally fair and fitting consequences; List of cognitive biases; False consensus effect – Attributional type of cognitive bias
Here the belief in question is not a belief that one will do the action but a belief that the action in question is a means towards the positively evaluated end. [ 2 ] [ 12 ] This theory has been criticized based on the idea that there is a difference between evaluating a course of action and committing oneself to a course of action.