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In financial accounting, a liability is a quantity of value that a financial entity owes. More technically, it is value that an entity is expected to deliver in the future to satisfy a present obligation arising from past events. [1] The value delivered to settle a liability may be in the form of assets transferred or services performed.
Liabilities are considered the debt or financial obligations owed to other parties. Equity is the owner’s interest in the company. As a general rule, assets should equal liabilities plus equity.
A balance sheet is often described as a "snapshot of a company's financial condition". [1] It is the summary of each and every financial statement of an organization. Of the four basic financial statements, the balance sheet is the only statement which applies to a single point in time of a business's calendar year. [2]
MD&A typically describes the corporation's liquidity position, capital resources, [8] results of its operations, underlying causes of material changes in financial statement items (such as asset impairment and restructuring charges), events of unusual or infrequent nature (such as mergers and acquisitions or share buybacks), positive and ...
Additionally, financial instruments that have prices that are partly dependent on theoretical models of one kind or another are difficult to value and this generates valuation risk. For example, options are generally valued using the Black–Scholes model while the liabilities of life assurance firms are valued using the theory of present value.
The classification of liabilities also plays a role in determining financial ratios, such as the current ratio—calculated as current assets divided by current liabilities. A higher current ratio indicates that the business has sufficient current assets to cover its obligations over the coming year, suggesting stronger liquidity. [ 1 ]
The balance sheet is the financial statement showing a firm's assets, liabilities and equity (capital) at a set point in time, usually the end of the fiscal year reported on the accompanying income statement. The total assets always equal the total combined liabilities and equity. This statement best demonstrates the basic accounting equation:
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