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All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent components for the variable being regulated: a receptor, a control center, and an effector. [3] The receptor is the sensing component that monitors and responds to changes in the environment, either external or internal. Receptors include thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors.
Today scavenger receptors are known to be involved in a wide range of processes, such as: homeostasis, apoptosis, inflammatory diseases and pathogen clearance. Scavenger receptors are mainly found on myeloid cells and other cells that bind to numerous ligands, primarily endogenous and modified host-molecules together with pathogen-associated ...
Receptors may bind with some molecules (ligands) or may interact with physical agents like light, mechanical temperature, pressure, etc. Reception occurs when the target cell (any cell with a receptor protein specific to the signal molecule) detects a signal, usually in the form of a small, water-soluble molecule, via binding to a receptor ...
The insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane receptor that is activated by insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II and belongs to the large class of receptor tyrosine kinase. [5] Metabolically, the insulin receptor plays a key role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis; a functional process that under degenerate conditions may result in a range of clinical manifestations including diabetes and cancer.
The liver X receptor (LXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors and is closely related to nuclear receptors such as the PPARs, FXR and RXR. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are important regulators of cholesterol , fatty acid , and glucose homeostasis .
Muscarinic M 3 receptors are expressed in regions of the brain that regulate insulin homeostasis, such as the hypothalamus and dorsal vagal complex of the brainstem. [6] These receptors are highly expressed on pancreatic beta cells and are critical regulators of glucose homoestasis by modulating insulin secretion. [7]
Adenosine receptors play a key role in the homeostasis of bone. The A 1 receptor has been shown to stimulate osteoclast differentiation and function. [17] Studies have found that blockade of the A 1 Receptor suppresses the osteoclast function, leading to increased bone density. [18]
In the liver, ATP is constantly released during homeostasis and its signalling via P2 receptors influences bile secretion as well as liver metabolism and regeneration. [26] P2Y receptors in the enteric nervous system and at intestinal neuromuscular junctions modulate intestinal secretion and motility.