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The spoken English language in Northern England has been shaped by the region's history of settlement and migration, and today encompasses a group of related accents and dialects known as Northern England English or Northern English. [2] [3] The strongest influence on modern varieties of Northern English was the Northumbrian dialect of Middle ...
The accents of Northern England have a range of regional variations. Cumbria has regional variants in Western Cumbria ( Workington ), Southern Cumbria ( Barrow-in-Furness ), and Carlisle . Modern Northumbrian has local variants in Northern Northumberland ( Berwick-upon-Tweed ), Eastern Northumberland ( Ashington ) and Newcastle , Sunderland ...
The accents spoken here share the Canadian raising of /aɪ/ as well as often /aʊ/, but they also possess the cot-caught merger, which is not associated with rest of "the North". Most famously, Northern New England accents (with the exception of Northwestern New England, much of southern New Hampshire, and Martha's Vineyard) are often non-rhotic.
In Northern England and the Scottish borders, then dominated by the kingdom of Northumbria, there developed a distinct Northumbrian Old English dialect, which preceded modern Geordie. The linguistic conservatism of Geordie means that poems by the Anglo-Saxon scholar the Venerable Bede can be translated more successfully into Geordie than into ...
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) can be used to represent sound correspondences among various accents and dialects of the English language. These charts give a diaphoneme for each sound, followed by its realization in different dialects. The symbols for the diaphonemes are given in bold, followed by their most common phonetic values.
The 1950s Survey of English Dialects recorded traditional Lancastrian dialect from the town of Halewood, finding no trace of Scouse influence. The phonetician John C. Wells wrote that "the Scouse accent might as well not exist" in The Linguistic Atlas of England, which was the Survey's principal output. [27]
Inland Northern English: Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Milwaukee, Western New York, the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, and most of the U.S. Great Lakes region; New England English. Eastern New England English (including Boston and Maine English) Rhode Island English; Western New England English: Connecticut, Hudson Valley, western Massachusetts ...
This four-way split was found throughout all of northern England and contrasted with the historic two-way split found in the south and midlands. Due to dialect levelling, however, these sounds were merged into the modern monophthong [oː], [ɔː] and [ɵː] (east riding) by the 1950s. If a close vowel precedes /l/, a schwa may be inserted.