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The 2022 releases of Stable Diffusion and ChatGPT (initially powered by the GPT-3.5 model) led to foundation models and generative AI entering widespread public discourse. Further, releases of LLaMA , Llama 2, and Mistral in 2023 contributed to a greater emphasis placed on how foundation models are released with open foundation models garnering ...
A foundation model is an AI model trained on broad data at scale such that it can be adapted to a wide range of downstream tasks. [36] [37] Thus far, the most notable GPT foundation models have been from OpenAI's GPT-n series.
Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) is a multimodal large language model trained and created by OpenAI and the fourth in its series of GPT foundation models. [1] It was launched on March 14, 2023, [1] and made publicly available via the paid chatbot product ChatGPT Plus, via OpenAI's API, and via the free chatbot Microsoft Copilot. [2]
IBM Granite is a series of decoder-only AI foundation models created by IBM. [3] It was announced on September 7, 2023, [4] [5] and an initial paper was published 4 days later. [6] Initially intended for use in the IBM's cloud-based data and generative AI platform Watsonx along with other models, [7] IBM opened the source code of some code models.
Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 (GPT-2) is a large language model by OpenAI and the second in their foundational series of GPT models. GPT-2 was pre-trained on a dataset of 8 million web pages. [2] It was partially released in February 2019, followed by full release of the 1.5-billion-parameter model on November 5, 2019. [3] [4] [5]
The first GPT model was known as "GPT-1," and it was followed by "GPT-2" in February 2019. Created as a direct scale-up of its predecessor, GPT-2 had both its parameter count and dataset size increased by a factor of 10. It had 1.5 billion parameters, and was trained on a dataset of 8 million web pages. [9]
OpenAI o3 is a reflective generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) model developed by OpenAI as a successor to OpenAI o1. It is designed to devote additional deliberation time when addressing questions that require step-by-step logical reasoning. [1] [2] OpenAI released a smaller model, o3-mini, on January 31st, 2025. [3]
Generative AI systems trained on words or word tokens include GPT-3, GPT-4, GPT-4o, LaMDA, LLaMA, BLOOM, Gemini and others (see List of large language models). They are capable of natural language processing , machine translation , and natural language generation and can be used as foundation models for other tasks. [ 62 ]