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The Totonac are an indigenous people of Mexico who reside in the states of Veracruz, Puebla, and Hidalgo. They are one of the possible builders of the pre-Columbian city of El Tajín , and further maintained quarters in Teotihuacán (a city which they claim to have built).
Totonac ceremic figure The Totonac culture or Totonec culture was a culture that existed among the indigenous Mesoamerican Totonac people who lived mainly in Veracruz and northern Puebla . Originally, they formed a confederation of cities, but, in later times, it seems that they were organized in three dominions: North, South and Serran. [ 1 ]
The Totonac population continues to decline in both states, especially since the 1980s with many migrating out due to the poor economy of the region. History has put pressure on the Totonac language, with speakers switching over to Spanish and in some cases, to Nahuatl even though those who change language still consider themselves Totonac. [3]
It was one of the most important Totonac settlements during the postclassical Mesoamerican period [1] and the capital of the kingdom of Totonacapan. It is located one kilometer from the shore of the Actopan River and six kilometres from the coast. Cempoala was the first urban settlement the Spaniards saw upon arrival on the American continent. [2]
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. 2: 187– 222. ISBN 0-521-65204-9. Gibson, Charles (1964). The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule. Stanford University Press. Jones, Grant D. (2000). "The Lowland Maya from the Conquest to the Present". The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. 2: 346– 391. ISBN 0-521-65204-9.
El Zapotal is a Totonac archaeological site located in the Ignacio de la Llave Municipality in Veracruz, Mexico. [1] It contains the ruins of a Totonac city that flourished from 600 to 900 CE, during what archaeologists call the Classical Period .
Coyutla Totonac is grouped with South Central Totonac by INALI while Tecpatlán Totonac is included in the North Central Totonac group. Other recent attempts at classification have suggested that some of these divisions, particularly North Central, Costal, and South Central, and are far too broad and include varieties that might also be ...
The Aztec Empire by 1519 Codex Azcatitlan depicting the Spanish army, with Cortés and Malinche in front. The Spanish-led Totonac army crossed into Tlaxcala to seek the latter's alliance against the Aztecs. However, the Tlaxcalan general Xicotencatl the Younger believed them to be hostile and attacked. After fighting several close battles ...