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Pharaoh (/ ˈ f ɛər oʊ /, US also / ˈ f eɪ. r oʊ /; [4] Egyptian: pr ꜥꜣ; [note 1] Coptic: ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ, romanized: Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: פַּרְעֹה Parʿō) [5] is the vernacular term often used for the monarchs of ancient Egypt, who ruled from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BCE) until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Republic in 30 BCE. [6]
The dates given in this list of pharaohs are approximate. They are based primarily on the conventional chronology of Ancient Egypt , mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities [ 4 ] database developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology , but alternative dates taken from other authorities may be indicated separately.
Joseph presenting his father and brethren to the Pharaoh (1896) Genesis 12:10–20 tells of Abram moving to Egypt to escape a period of famine in Canaan.Abram worries that the unnamed pharaoh will kill him and take away his wife Sarai, so Abram tells her to say she is his sister.
The Babylonian Talmud names "Johana and Mamre" as two of Pharaoh's sorcerers. [10] "Jannis and Jambres" are mentioned several times by name in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan. [11] [12] Jewish traditions in the Targums preserve other legendary lore about the pair. They are called the sons of Balaam, the unwitting non-Jewish prophet of Peor.
(see Roman Egypt, Roman pharaoh and List of Roman dynasties) The 31 pre-Ptolemaic dynasties by the length of their rule (in 25-year bins), [ q ] each dynasty being a coloured box. The early dynasties and the three Kingdoms are blue, with darker colours meaning older.
The pharaohs of the Twenty-second Dynasty were a series of Meshwesh (ancient Libyan [a] tribe) chieftains, who ruled from c. 943 BC until 716 BC. They had settled in Egypt since the Twentieth Dynasty and were known in Egypt as the 'Great Chiefs of the Ma' (Ma being a synonym of Meshwesh).
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In ancient Egypt, it was standard for pharaohs to be worshipped posthumously as transfigured beings amongst the royal ancestors. This was generally performed in the form of a mortuary cult. [1] [2] During the pharaoh's lifetime, they were generally recognized as having divine properties, in accordance with imperial cult government.