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Mass–energy equivalence arose from special relativity as a paradox described by the French polymath Henri Poincaré (1854–1912). [4] Einstein was the first to propose the equivalence of mass and energy as a general principle and a consequence of the symmetries of space and time.
This theory made many predictions which have been experimentally verified, including the relativity of simultaneity, length contraction, time dilation, the relativistic velocity addition formula, the relativistic Doppler effect, relativistic mass, a universal speed limit, mass–energy equivalence, the speed of causality and the Thomas precession.
Total energy is the sum of rest energy = and relativistic kinetic energy: = = + Invariant mass is mass measured in a center-of-momentum frame. For bodies or systems with zero momentum, it simplifies to the mass–energy equation E 0 = m 0 c 2 {\displaystyle E_{0}=m_{0}c^{2}} , where total energy in this case is equal to rest energy.
The Einstein field equations (EFE) may be written in the form: [5] [1] + = EFE on the wall of the Rijksmuseum Boerhaave in Leiden, Netherlands. where is the Einstein tensor, is the metric tensor, is the stress–energy tensor, is the cosmological constant and is the Einstein gravitational constant.
Like the Einstein equivalence principle, the strong equivalence principle requires gravity to be geometrical by nature, but in addition it forbids any extra fields, so the metric alone determines all of the effects of gravity. If an observer measures a patch of space to be flat, then the strong equivalence principle suggests that it is ...
The mass of a body is a measure of its energy-content; if the energy changes by L, the mass changes in the same sense by L/(9 × 10 20), the energy being measured in ergs, and the mass in grammes. If the theory corresponds to the facts, radiation conveys inertia between the emitting and absorbing bodies.
1. First postulate (principle of relativity) The laws of physics take the same form in all inertial frames of reference.. 2. Second postulate (invariance of c) . As measured in any inertial frame of reference, light is always propagated in empty space with a definite velocity c that is independent of the state of motion of the emitting body.
[1] [5] His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc 2, which arises from special relativity, has been called "the world's most famous equation". [6] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. [7]