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The diagnosis requires x-rays of the pelvis, with anteriorposterior (AP) and frog-leg lateral views. [11] The appearance of the head of the femur in relation to the shaft likens that of a "melting ice cream cone", visible with Klein's line. The severity of the disease can be measured using the Southwick angle. [citation needed]
The angle is measured on a frog lateral view of the bilateral hips. It is measured by drawing a line perpendicular to a line connecting two points at the posterior and anterior tips of the epiphysis at the physis. A third line is drawn down the axis of femur. The angle between the perpendicular line and the femoral shaft line is the angle.
Hip joint: AP and Lateral. [15] The Lauenstein projection a form of examination of the hip joint emphasizing the relationship of the femur to the acetabulum. The knee of the affected leg is flexed, and the thigh is drawn up to nearly a right angle. This is also called the frog-leg position.
Typically, radiographs are taken of the hip from the front (AP view), and side (lateral view). Frog leg views are to be avoided, as they may cause severe pain and further displace the fracture. [5] In situations where a hip fracture is suspected but not obvious on x-ray, an MRI is the next test of choice.
Posterior dislocations is when the femoral head lies posteriorly after dislocation. [5] It is the most common pattern of dislocation accounting for 90% of hip dislocations, [5] and those with an associated fracture are categorized by the Thompson and Epstein classification system, the Stewart and Milford classification system, and the Pipkin system (when associated with femoral head fractures).
Patient's abdomen lies flat on the bed. The bed is scissored so the hip is lifted and the legs and head are low. [1] [2] Knee-chest position Similar to the jackknife except the legs are bent at the knee at a 90-degree angle. Lateral position Also called the side-lying position, it is like the jackknife except the patient is on his or her side.
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A traction splint most commonly refers to a splinting device that uses straps attaching over the pelvis or hip as an anchor, a metal rod(s) to mimic normal bone stability and limb length, and a mechanical device to apply traction (used in an attempt to reduce pain, realign the limb, and minimize vascular and neurological complication) to the limb.