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The differential outcomes effect (DOE) is a theory in behaviorism, a branch of psychology, that shows that a positive effect on accuracy occurs in discrimination learning between different stimuli when unique rewards are paired with each individual stimulus.
Importantly, individuals can also differ not only in their current state, but in the magnitude or even direction of response to a given stimulus. [5] Such phenomena, often explained in terms of inverted-U response curves, place differential psychology at an important location in such endeavours as personalized medicine, in which diagnoses are customised for an individual's response profile.
Evaluative differentiation involves the acknowledgement that reasonable people can view any given event differently and that making a decision involves balancing any legitimate competing interests. In contrast, thinking in an evaluatively un-differentiated manner involves thinking rigidly and refusing to compromise or consider any alternative.
Although there are some variations, the traditional minimal group study consists of two phases. In the first phase, participants are randomly and anonymously divided into two groups (e.g., "Group A" and "Group B"), ostensibly on the basis of trivial criteria (e.g., preference for paintings or the toss of a coin).
The model of hierarchical complexity (MHC) is a formal theory and a mathematical psychology framework for scoring how complex a behavior is. [4] Developed by Michael Lamport Commons and colleagues, [3] it quantifies the order of hierarchical complexity of a task based on mathematical principles of how the information is organized, [5] in terms of information science.
Conjunctive tasks are tasks requiring all group members to contribute to complete the product. [1] In this type of task the group's performance is determined by the most inferior or weakest group member. [2] Examples provided in Forysth's summary of Steiner's work include climbing a mountain and eating a meal as a group. [2]
An example of trait psychology development (stages): Singling out the types of love as psychology of traits. In the Antique time, the typology of the kinds of love was very popular. These kinds of love comprised: Eros – a passionate physical and emotional love based on aesthetic enjoyment; stereotype of romantic love
However, reciting poetry while writing an essay should deteriorate performance on at least one of these two tasks, because they interfere with each other. The interpretation of dual-task paradigms follows the view that human processing resources are limited and shareable [ 1 ] and that they can be subdivided into several classes.