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The Keynesian cross diagram is a formulation of the central ideas in Keynes' General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money.It first appeared as a central component of macroeconomic theory as it was taught by Paul Samuelson in his textbook, Economics: An Introductory Analysis.
The structure of the input–output model has been incorporated into national accounting in many developed countries, and as such can be used to calculate important measures such as national GDP. Input–output economics has been used to study regional economies within a nation, and as a tool for national and regional economic planning.
The classical general equilibrium model aims to describe the economy by aggregating the behavior of individuals and firms. [1] Note that the classical general equilibrium model is unrelated to classical economics , and was instead developed within neoclassical economics beginning in the late 19th century.
Hence, by the stable manifold theorem, the equilibrium is a saddle point, and there exists a unique stable arm, or "saddle path," that converges on the equilibrium, indicated by the blue curve in the phase diagram. The system is called "saddle path stable" since all unstable trajectories are ruled out by the "no Ponzi scheme" condition: [7]
The consequence of this is that in equilibrium, each firm's expectations of how other firms will act are shown to be correct; when all is revealed, no firm wants to change its output decision. [1] This idea of stability was later taken up and built upon as a description of Nash equilibria , of which Cournot equilibria are a subset.
Starting from one point on the aggregate demand curve, at a particular price level and a quantity of aggregate demand implied by the IS–LM model for that price level, if one considers a higher potential price level, in the IS–LM model the real money supply M/P will be lower and hence the LM curve will be shifted higher, leading to lower ...
Equilibrium may also be economy-wide or general, as opposed to the partial equilibrium of a single market. Equilibrium can change if there is a change in demand or supply conditions. For example, an increase in supply will disrupt the equilibrium, leading to lower prices. Eventually, a new equilibrium will be attained in most markets.
In equilibrium [7] implies 0 = π[h(ŝ-p_hat) - ŷ] Subtracting this from [7] yields [11] þ = π[h(q-q_hat) The rate of exchange is positive whenever the real exchange rate is above its equilibrium level, also it is moving towards the equilibrium level] - This yields the direction and movement of the exchange rate.