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Controls for the reclosers range from the original electromechanical systems to digital electronics with metering and SCADA functions. The ratings of reclosers run from 2.4–38 kV for load currents from 10–1200 A and fault currents from 1–16 kA. [7] [8] On a 3-phase circuit, a recloser is more beneficial than three separate fuse cutouts.
Outage management systems are also commonly integrated with SCADA systems which can automatically report the operation of monitored circuit breakers and other intelligent devices such as SCADA reclosers. Another system that is commonly integrated with an outage management system is a mobile data system. This integration provides the ability for ...
We want to be a little careful - reclosers are only used on distribution circuits, not on the "grid" (high voltage transmission). True, some circuit breakers on transmission may automatically reclose but that's a special-purpose application and HV transmission circuit breakers aren't called "reclosers".
In 1956, Hugh C. Ross at Jennings Radio Manufacturing Corporation revolutionized the high-frequency-circuit vacuum switch and produced a vacuum switch with a rating of 15 kV at 200 A. Five years later, Thomas H. Lee at General Electric produced the first vacuum circuit breakers [2] [3] with a rated voltage of 15 kV at short-circuit breaking ...
One example is an open transition automatic transfer switch (ATS). During the split second of the power transfer the flow of electricity is interrupted. Another example is a manual three position switch or circuit breaker, with utility power on one side, the generator on the other, and "off" in the middle, which requires the user to switch ...
Source: S&P Capital IQ. Data is current as of last fully reported fiscal quarter. FQ = fiscal quarter. The standard way to calculate DSO uses average accounts receivable.
In the house example, a feed-forward system may measure the fact that the door is opened and automatically turn on the heater before the house can get too cold. The difficulty with feed-forward control is that the effects of the disturbances on the system must be accurately predicted, and there must not be any unmeasured disturbances.
A good example of this is a central heating boiler controlled only by a timer, so that heat is applied for a constant time, regardless of the temperature of the building. The control action is the switching on/off of the boiler, but the controlled variable should be the building temperature, but is not because this is open-loop control of the ...