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  2. Glycolysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

    d -Glucose + 2 [NAD] + + 2 [ADP] + 2 [P] i 2 × Pyruvate 2 × + 2 [NADH] + 2 H + + 2 [ATP] + 2 H 2 O Glycolysis pathway overview The use of symbols in this equation makes it appear unbalanced with respect to oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, and charges. Atom balance is maintained by the two phosphate (P i) groups: Each exists in the form of a hydrogen phosphate anion, dissociating to contribute ...

  3. Insulin signal transduction pathway - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_signal...

    Finally, the cell will increase the rate of glycolysis within itself to break glucose in the cell into other components for tissue growth purposes. An example of positive feedback mechanism in the insulin transduction pathway is the activation of some enzymes that inhibit other enzymes from slowing or stopping the insulin transduction pathway ...

  4. Polyol pathway - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyol_pathway

    The polyol metabolic pathway. [6]Cells use glucose for energy.This normally occurs by phosphorylation from the enzyme hexokinase. However, if large amounts of glucose are present (as in diabetes mellitus), hexokinase becomes saturated and the excess glucose enters the polyol pathway when aldose reductase reduces it to sorbitol.

  5. Carbohydrate metabolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism

    Glycolysis can be regulated at different steps of the process through feedback regulation. The step that is regulated the most is the third step. This regulation is to ensure that the body is not over-producing pyruvate molecules. The regulation also allows for the storage of glucose molecules into fatty acids. [5]

  6. Glucokinase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucokinase

    Mutations of the gene for this enzyme can cause unusual forms of diabetes or hypoglycemia. Glucokinase (GK) is a hexokinase isozyme, related homologously to at least three other hexokinases. [4] All of the hexokinases can mediate phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), which is the first step of both glycogen synthesis and ...

  7. Glucose transporter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_transporter

    In pancreatic beta cells, free flowing glucose is required so that the intracellular environment of these cells can accurately gauge the serum glucose levels. All three monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, and fructose) are transported from the intestinal mucosal cell into the portal circulation by GLUT2. Is a high-frequency and low-affinity ...

  8. Blood sugar regulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sugar_regulation

    Diabetes mellitus type 1 is caused by insufficient or non-existent production of insulin, while type 2 is primarily due to a decreased response to insulin in the tissues of the body (insulin resistance). Both types of diabetes, if untreated, result in too much glucose remaining in the blood (hyperglycemia) and many

  9. Glyceroneogenesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyceroneogenesis

    Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate (used to form triglycerides) from precursors other than glucose. [1] Usually, glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, in the liquid of the cell's cytoplasm (the cytosol).

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