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Ijtihad (/ ˌ ɪ dʒ t ə ˈ h ɑː d / IJ-tə-HAHD; [1] Arabic: اجتهاد ijtihād [ʔidʒ.tihaːd], lit. ' physical effort ' or ' mental effort ') [2] is an Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning by an expert in Islamic law, [3] or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution to a legal question. [2]
Mafatih al-Ghayb (Arabic: مفاتيح الغيب, lit. 'Keys to the Unknown'), usually known as al-Tafsir al-Kabir (Arabic: التفسير الكبير, lit. 'The Large Commentary'), is a classical Islamic tafsir book, written by the twelfth-century Islamic theologian and philosopher Fakhruddin Razi (d.1210). [1]
Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Abd Allah ibn al-Mubarak (Arabic: عَبْد اللَّه ٱبْن الْمُبَارَك, romanized: ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Mubārak; c. 726 –797) was an 8th-century traditionalist [3] Sunni Muslim scholar and Hanafi jurist. [4]
Al-Suyuti said: “He (i.e. Ibn Katheer) has an exegesis that was not composed according to his style.”; Muhammad bin Ali Al-Shawkani said: “He has the famous exegesis, and it is in volumes, and it was collected in Va’i and transmitted the schools of thought, stories and traditions, and spoke the best and most authentic speech, and it is one of the best exegeses.
The original text of the Sīrat Rasūl Allāh by Ibn Ishaq did not survive. Yet it was one of the earliest substantial biographies of Muhammad. However, much of the original text was copied over into a work of his own by Ibn Hisham (Basra; Fustat, died 833 AD, 218 AH).
Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī (Arabic: ابن حجر العسقلاني; [a] 18 February 1372 – 2 February 1449), or simply ibn Ḥajar, [1] was a classic Islamic scholar "whose life work constitutes the final summation of the science of hadith."
Principles of Islamic jurisprudence (Arabic: أصول الفقه, romanized: ʾUṣūl al-Fiqh) are traditional methodological principles used in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) for deriving the rulings of Islamic law ().
A mentoring session in pesantren.Kitab kuning is often employed and translated during such activities. In Indonesian Islamic education, Kitab kuning (lit. ' yellow book ') refers to the traditional set of the Islamic texts used by the educational curriculum of the Islamic seminary in Indonesia, especially within the madrasahs and pesantrens.