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Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
Triple-negative breast cancer comprises 15–20% of all breast cancer cases [3] and affects more young women or women with a mutation in the BRCA1 gene than other breast cancers. [4] Triple-negative breast cancers comprise a very heterogeneous group of cancers. TNBC is the most challenging breast cancer type to treat. [5]
Invasive carcinoma NST accounts for half of all breast cancer diagnoses in women and is the most common type of invasive breast cancer. It is also the most commonly diagnosed form of male breast cancer. Invasive carcinoma NST is classified by its microscopic, molecular, and genetic features.
In medicine, proton therapy, or proton radiotherapy, is a type of particle therapy that uses a beam of protons to irradiate diseased tissue, most often to treat cancer.The chief advantage of proton therapy over other types of external beam radiotherapy is that the dose of protons is deposited over a narrow range of depth; hence in minimal entry, exit, or scattered radiation dose to healthy ...
The underlying purpose of staging is to describe the extent or severity of an individual's cancer, and to bring together cancers that have similar prognosis and treatment. [22] Staging of breast cancer is one aspect of breast cancer classification that assists in making appropriate treatment choices, when considered along with other ...
Examples of total parenteral nutrition solutions [40] Substance Normal patient High stress Fluid-restricted Amino acids: 85 g: 128 g: 75 g Dextrose: 250 g: 350 g: 250 g Lipids: 100 g: 100 g: 50 g Na + 150 mEq: 155 mEq: 80 mEq K + 80 mEq: 80 mEq: 40 mEq Ca 2+ 360 mg: 360 mg: 180 mg Mg 2+ 240 mg: 240 mg: 120 mg Acetate: 72 mEq: 226 mEq: 134 mEq ...
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