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Several transgenic methods have been used to introduce target DNA into zebrafish for environmental monitoring, including micro-injection, electroporation, particle gun bombardment, liposome-mediated gene transfer, and sperm-mediated gene transfer. Micro-injection is the most commonly used method to produce transgenic zebrafish as this produces ...
Chemicals include methods such as lipofection, which is a lipid-mediated DNA-transfection process utilizing liposome vectors. It can also include the use of polymeric gene carriers (polyplexes). [6] Biological transfection is typically mediated by viruses, utilizing the ability of a virus to inject its DNA inside a host cell. A gene that is ...
Methods for detecting gene transfer agents. (A) Method used by Marrs in 1974.(B) Cell-free extract method.The first GTA system was discovered in 1974, when mixed cultures of Rhodobacter capsulatus strains produced a high frequency of cells with new combinations of genes. [6]
Lipofectamine or Lipofectamine 2000 is a common transfection reagent, produced and sold by Invitrogen, used in molecular and cellular biology. [1] It is used to increase the transfection efficiency of RNA (including mRNA and siRNA) or plasmid DNA into in vitro cell cultures by lipofection. [1]
Successful gene delivery requires the foreign gene delivery to remain stable within the host cell and can either integrate into the genome or replicate independently of it. [3] This requires foreign DNA to be synthesized as part of a vector , which is designed to enter the desired host cell and deliver the transgene to that cell's genome. [ 4 ]
How vectors work to transfer genetic material. Gene therapy utilizes the delivery of DNA into cells, which can be accomplished by several methods, summarized below. The two major classes of methods are those that use recombinant viruses (sometimes called biological nanoparticles or viral vectors) and those that use naked DNA or DNA complexes (non-viral methods).
The choice of liposome preparation method depends, i.a., on the following parameters: [38] [39] the physicochemical characteristics of the material to be entrapped and those of the liposomal ingredients; the nature of the medium in which the lipid vesicles are dispersed; the effective concentration of the entrapped substance and its potential ...
Liposome-encapsulated mRNA encoding a viral antigen was shown in 1993 to stimulate T cells in mice. [24] [25] The following year self-amplifying mRNA was developed by including both a viral antigen and replicase encoding gene. [24] [26] The method was used in mice to elicit both a humoral and cellular immune response against a viral pathogen. [24]