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Antipsychotics have been reported to cause hyponatremia in a review of medical articles from 1946 to 2016. [25] Available evidence suggests that all classes of psychotropics, i.e., antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and sedative/hypnotics can lead to hyponatremia. Age is a significant factor for drug induced hyponatremia. [26]
In severe or acute hypoosmolar hyponatremia, swelling of brain cells causes various neurological abnormalities, which in severe or acute cases can result in convulsions, coma, and death. The symptoms of chronic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis are more vague, and may include cognitive impairment , gait abnormalities , or osteoporosis .
[14] [3] Dilutional hyponatremia can happen in diabetics as high glucose levels pull water into the blood stream causing the sodium concentration to be lower. [14] [3] Diagnosis of the cause of hyponatremia relies on three factors: volume status, plasma osmolality, urine sodium levels and urine osmolality. [14] [3]
Tea and toast syndrome is a form of malnutrition commonly experienced by elderly people who cannot prepare meals and tend to themselves. The term is not intrinsic to tea or bread products only; rather, it describes limited dietary patterns that lead to reduced calories resulting in a deficiency of vitamins and other nutrients.
The adult UL was set at 40–45 mg/day for women and 50–60 mg/day for men, with the lower values in those ranges for adults over 70 years of age [46] National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Australia 50 mg/day
Overall, our findings suggest that more people over 70 years of age should be considered for statin treatment.” — Borislava Mihaylova, DPhil “Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause ...
A known precipitating event can be found in over 90% of episodes of adrenal crisis. [5] The most common cause of adrenal crisis is infections, specifically gastrointestinal infections . [ 13 ] [ 17 ] Adrenal crises can also be caused by major surgery, dental operations, pregnancy/labour, extreme weather, serious injury/accidents, intense ...
In many adult cases it is unclear what has triggered the onset of this disease, though it sometimes follows tuberculosis. [7] Causes can include certain medications, sepsis, and bleeding into both adrenal glands. [1] [8] Addison's disease is generally diagnosed by blood tests, urine tests, and medical imaging. [1]