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Two layers of PVC are laid down in a continuous extrusion process; the top layer is weatherable and durable material, which comprises up to 25% of the siding thickness. This capstock can include about 10% titanium dioxide, depending on the color, which is a pigment and provides resistance to breakdown from UV light.
Ralph Wiley accidentally discovered polyvinylidene chloride polymer in 1933. [2] At the time he was a college student who worked part-time at Dow Chemical lab as a dishwasher. [ 3 ] While cleaning laboratory glassware, he came across a vial he could not scrub clean.
In a fire, PVC can form hydrogen chloride fumes; the chlorine serves to scavenge free radicals, making PVC-coated wires fire retardant. While hydrogen chloride fumes can also pose a health hazard in their own right, it dissolves in moisture and breaks down onto surfaces, particularly in areas where the air is cool enough to breathe, so would ...
Crystallization of polymers is a process associated with partial alignment of their molecular chains. These chains fold together and form ordered regions called lamellae, which compose larger spheroidal structures named spherulites.
In construction, cladding is used to provide a degree of thermal insulation and weather resistance, and to improve the appearance of buildings. [1] Cladding can be made of any of a wide range of materials including wood, metal, brick, vinyl , and composite materials that can include aluminium, wood, blends of cement and recycled polystyrene ...
1) In materials science, a sandwich-structured composite is a special class of composite materials that is fabricated by attaching two thin-but-stiff skins to a lightweight-but-thick core. The core material is normally of low strength, but its greater thickness provides the sandwich composite with high bending stiffness with overall low density .
Photodegradation has made it brittle, causing part of it to break off when the bucket was moved. In polymer chemistry, photo-oxidation (sometimes: oxidative photodegradation) is the degradation of a polymer surface due to the combined action of light and oxygen. [1] It is the most significant factor in the weathering of plastics. [2]
Delamination is a mode of failure where a material fractures into layers. A variety of materials, including laminate composites [1] and concrete, can fail by delamination. Processing can create layers in materials, such as steel formed by rolling [2] [3] and plastics and metals from 3D printing [4] [5] which can fail from