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Structural loads – or actions, are forces, deformations, or accelerations applied to structure components. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Loads cause stresses , deformations , and displacements in structures. Assessment of their effects is carried out by the methods of structural analysis .
Structural analysis, a discipline in engineering, analyzes the effects of loads on structures and structural elements. Excess load may cause structural failure, so this should be considered and controlled during the design of a structure. Particular mechanical structures—such as aircraft, satellites, rockets, space stations, ships, and ...
Reinforced concrete structures are normally designed according to rules and regulations or recommendation of a code such as ACI-318, CEB, Eurocode 2 or the like. WSD, USD or LRFD methods are used in design of RC structural members. Analysis and design of RC members can be carried out by using linear or non-linear approaches.
For this reasons, the size effect on the strength in brittle failures of concrete structures and structural laminates has long been ignored. Then, however, the failure probability, which is required to be < 10 − 6 {\displaystyle <10^{-6}} , and actually does have such values for normal-size structures, may become for very large structures as ...
Logo of Eurocode 2 An example of a concrete structure. In the Eurocode series of European standards (EN) related to construction, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures (abbreviated EN 1992 or, informally, EC 2) specifies technical rules for the design of concrete, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete structures, using the limit state design philosophy.
Lightweight concrete is often achieved by adding air, foams, or lightweight aggregates, with the side effect that the strength is reduced. For most routine uses, 20 to 32 MPa (2,900 to 4,600 psi) concrete is often used. 40 MPa (5,800 psi) concrete is readily commercially available as a more durable, although more expensive, option.
The introduction of internal stresses into structural concrete via tensioned tendons, to reduce potential tensile stresses in the concrete from applied loads. [1]: 51 primary grouting The first, or only, stage of grouting for post-tensioned tendons.
It is created by using small lightweight EPS balls (sometimes called Styrofoam) as an aggregate instead of the crushed stone that is used in regular concrete. [3] It is not as strong as stone-based concrete mixes, but has other advantages such as increased thermal and sound insulation properties, easy shaping and ability to be formed by hand ...