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This is a list of wars involving the Kingdom of Scotland before the creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain by the Acts of Union 1707, including clan conflicts, civil wars, and rebellions. For dates after 1708, see List of wars involving the United Kingdom .
This is a chronological list of the battles involving the Kingdom of Scotland, as well as battles involving Scotland in support of France as part of the "Auld Alliance" . The list gives the name, the date, the present-day location of the battles, the Scottish allies and enemies, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:
The wars were part of a great crisis for Scotland, and the period became one of the most defining times in its history. At the end of both wars, Scotland retained its status as an independent state. The wars were important for other reasons, such as the emergence of the longbow as a key weapon in medieval warfare.
The recorded history of Scotland begins with the arrival of the Roman Empire in the 1st century, when the province of Britannia reached as far north as the Antonine Wall. North of this was Caledonia , inhabited by the Picti , whose uprisings forced Rome's legions back to Hadrian's Wall .
The wars were caused by the attempts of the English kings to grab territory by claiming sovereignty over Scotland while Scots fought to keep English rule and authority out of Scotland. [1] The term "War of Independence" did not exist at the time; the name was applied retrospectively many centuries later, after the American War of Independence ...
A 15th-century illustration showing an English herald approaching a troop of Scottish soldiers. The Anglo-Scottish Wars comprise the various battles which continued to be fought between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland from the time of the Wars of Independence in the early 14th century through to the latter years of the 16th century.
The cause of the Wars of Scottish Independence was ultimately the uncertainty over the succession of the Scottish crown following the death of Alexander III in 1286. Edward I of England initially supported the claim of John Balliol, who was crowned King of Scots in 1292, but eventually pressed his own claim to sovereignty over Scotland.
The Wars of Scottish Independence began in 1296 when Edward I of England attempted to enforce his claims to the overlordship of Scotland. This conflict was ended in 1328 by the Treaty of Edinburgh negotiated by a regency government during the minority of Edward III of England, following several victories by King Robert Bruce of Scotland and those loyal to him.