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Samoan, Hawaiian, Native American, Alaskan Native, Black, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Central American, and South American women are at higher risk of pre-pregnancy obesity. [35] Women with BMI greater than 40 during pregnancy are at increased risk for fetal cardiac defects and comorbidities such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obstructive ...
Black women are 3.3 times more likely than white women to die from pregnancy-related causes. [204] This is partly due to lack of insurance before pregnancy and higher rates of chronic conditions, such as obesity and diabetes. [205]
Compared to white women, the rate of HIV infection is disproportionately high in Black and Hispanic women. These groups account for 75% of infection among women. [7] There is also a gap in contraceptive use between white and Black women. These disparities are partly due to lack of health insurance and financial costs. [7]
For adult women who are obese and are reproductively active, each unit increase in BMI over a BMI of 32 kg/m 2 is associated with a reduction of spontaneous conception rate by 5%. [8] Obesity and overweight among women of reproductive age have been associated with reduced success of conception and a higher risk of complications during pregnancy ...
Between 18 and 38% of pregnant women in the US are classified as obese. However, little is known about the link between maternal obesity and diabetic effects in offspring. Maternal obesity is associated with increased odds of pregnancies affected by congenital anomalies, including neural tube defects and spina bifida. [4]
Pregnant women who eat more than three servings of fish a week may face an increased risk of having babies who grow rapidly and become obese in childhood.
For racial and ethnic minorities in the United States, health disparities take on many forms, including higher rates of chronic disease, premature death, and maternal mortality compared to the rates among whites. For example, African Americans are 2–3 times more likely to die as a result of pregnancy-related complications than white Americans ...
During pregnancy, women of an average pre-pregnancy weight (BMI 18.5-24.9) should expect to gain between 25–35 pounds (11–16 kg) over the course of the pregnancy. [32] Increased rates of hypertension, diabetes, respiratory complications, and infections are prevalent in cases of maternal obesity and can have detrimental effects on pregnancy ...