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Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plankton, but they are also common in freshwater habitats. Their populations vary with sea surface temperature, salinity, and depth. Many dinoflagellates are photosynthetic, but a large fraction of these are in fact mixotrophic, combining photosynthesis with ingestion of prey (phagotrophy and myzocytosis). [6] [7]
Peridinium is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. [1] [2] Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. [1] [3] Peridinium can range from 30 to 70 μm in diameter, and has very thick thecal plates. [1] [3]
The microbes found in the benthic zone, specifically dinoflagellates and foraminifera, colonize quite rapidly on detritus matter while forming a symbiotic relationship with each other. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] In the deep sea, which covers 90–95% of the ocean floor, 90% of the total biomass is made up of prokaryotes.
Dinophysis is a genus of dinoflagellates [1] [2] [3] common in tropical, temperate, coastal and oceanic waters. [4] It was first described in 1839 by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg. [5] Dinophysis are typically medium-sized cells (30-120 μm). [5] The structural plan and plate tabulation are conserved within the genus. [4]
Symbiodinium is a genus of dinoflagellates that encompasses the largest and most prevalent group of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates known and have photosymbiotic relationships with many species. These unicellular microalgae commonly reside in the endoderm of tropical cnidarians such as corals , sea anemones , and jellyfish , where the products of ...
Ceratium species belong to the group of dinoflagellates known as dinophysiales, meaning they contain armored plates. [2] They contain a pellicle, which is a shell, that is made from the cell membrane and vesicles; vesicles are composed of cross-linked cellulose , forming the plates. [ 2 ]
Gambierdiscus toxicus is a species of photosynthetic unicellular eukaryote belonging to the Alveolata, part of the SAR supergroup.It is a dinoflagellate which can cause the foodborne illness ciguatera, [1] and is known to produce several natural polyethers including ciguatoxin, maitotoxin, gambieric acid, and gambierol.
Oda, in 1935, was the first to name any species in what is now the genus Karenia: [3] Gymnodinium mikimotoi but was later renamed Karenia mikimotoi. [1] Davis in 1948 was the first to document that the cause of the fish kills was the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve, [4] which was renamed Ptychodiscus brevis and since 2001 is now known as ...