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The molecule laminarin (also known as laminaran) is a storage glucan (a polysaccharide of glucose) found in brown algae. It is used as a carbohydrate food reserve in the same way that chrysolaminarin is used by phytoplankton, especially in diatoms. [1] It is created by photosynthesis and is made up of β(1→3)-glucan with β(1→6)-branches.
Through these interactions, laminins critically contribute to cell attachment and differentiation, cell shape and movement, maintenance of tissue phenotype, and promotion of tissue survival. [ 4 ] [ 6 ] Some of these biological functions of laminin have been associated with specific amino-acid sequences or fragments of laminin. [ 4 ]
Hemosiderin deposition in the liver is a common feature of hemochromatosis and is the cause of liver failure in the disease. Selective iron deposition in the beta cells of pancreatic islets leads to diabetes [4] [2] due to the distribution of transferrin receptor on the beta cells of islets [3] and in the skin leads to hyperpigmentation.
Monocytes are produced from haematopoietic stem cells in the liver, and they subsequently infiltrate the skin via the foetal bloodstream. In this process, cytokines like CSF1 are essential in facilitating the differentiation of monocytes into tissue-resident dermal macrophages and their survival. [ 7 ]
It is used as a carbohydrate food reserve by phytoplankton such as Bacillariophyta (similar to the use of laminarin by brown algae). [ 3 ] Chrysolaminarin is stored inside the cells of these organisms dissolved in water and encapsuled in vacuoles whose refractive index increases with chrysolaminarin content.
The skin acts as a barrier, a kind of sheath, made of several layers of cells and their related glands. The skin is a dynamic organ that contains different cells which contains elements of the innate and the adaptive immune systems which are activated when the tissue is under attack by invading pathogens.
The disease is named because it is a porphyria that often presents with skin manifestations later in life. The disorder results from low levels of the enzyme responsible for the fifth step in heme production. Heme is a vital molecule for all of the body's organs. It is a component of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in the blood.
Autoimmune hepatitis, formerly known as lupoid hepatitis, plasma cell hepatitis, or autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, is a chronic, autoimmune disease of the liver that occurs when the body's immune system attacks liver cells, causing the liver to be inflamed.